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phthalates are present in many diverse products, health and medicine homework help

May 13, 2023

phthalates are present in many diverse products, including insect repellents, body lotions, perfumes, and food packaging. Because animal experiments suggest that phthalates may have an adverse effect on the male reproductive system, a group of infertility specialists decided to conduct a case-control study on phthalate exposure and sperm abnormalities in adult men. 100 cases with sperm abnormalities and 100 controls were identified and enrolled from among patients at their infertility clinic. 30 cases and 10 controls had high urinary phthalate levels. the remainder had normal urinary phthalate levels.

set up and fill in the two by two table using data

use these data to calculate the odds ratio describing the relationship between phthalate levels and sperm abnormalitites

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Introduction: The use of phthalates in various products has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health, particularly on men’s reproductive systems. A case-control study conducted on phthalate exposure and sperm abnormalities in adult men aims to determine the relationship between urinary phthalate levels and sperm abnormalities.

Answer:

Two by Two Table:

| | Cases (Sperm Abnormalities) | Controls |
|————————|—————————|———-|
| High Urinary Phthalates | 30 | 10 |
| Normal Urinary Phthalates | 70 | 90 |

Calculation of Odds Ratio:

Odds Ratio = (30/70) / (10/90)
Odds Ratio = 4.28

The odds ratio of 4.28 suggests that there is a strong association between high urinary phthalate levels and sperm abnormalities in adult men. Compared to men with normal urinary phthalate levels, those with high levels have 4.28 times higher odds of developing sperm abnormalities.

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